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The Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam (BSA), 2023, which replaced the Indian Evidence Act (IEA), 1872, came into effect on July 1, 2024. The Act consists of 170 sections, 12 chapters, and 4 parts

. 

Here are 50 high-priority Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) covering the core, amended, and foundational aspects of the BSA, 2023, based on legal training resources. 

Part I: Definitions and Scope (Sections 1–2)

Q1. When did the Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023 come into force?
A. 1st January 2024
B. 1st July 2024
C. 25th December 2023
D. 1st September 2024
Answer: B (July 1, 2024) 

Q2. How many sections are there in the Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023?
A. 167
B. 168
C. 170
D. 175
Answer: C (170 sections) 

Q3. Under which section of the BSA is the definition of "Document" provided?
A. Section 2(1)(a)
B. Section 2(1)(b)
C. Section 2(1)(d)
D. Section 2(1)(e)
Answer: C (Section 2(1)(d)) 

Q4. Which of the following is NOT included in the definition of "Document" under BSA?
A. A photograph
B. A caricature
C. An inscription on a metal plate
D. A spoken word
Answer: D (Spoken word is oral, not documentary) 

Q5. Does the definition of "Document" include electronic records?
A. No, only physical records.
B. Yes, explicitly including emails, server logs, and smartphone messages.
C. Only if printed.
D. Only if signed digitally.
Answer: B (Yes, it is expanded) 

Q6. Under which section of BSA is the definition of "Evidence" provided?
A. Section 2(1)(c)
B. Section 2(1)(e)
C. Section 3
D. Section 4
Answer: B (Section 2(1)(e)) 

Q7. "Evidence" under BSA includes:
A. Oral evidence only.
B. Documentary evidence only.
C. Both oral and documentary evidence.
D. Only evidence produced by police.
Answer: C (Both oral and documentary) 

Q8. As per Section 2(1)(f) of BSA, "Facts" mean and include:
A. Only things capable of being perceived by senses.
B. Only mental conditions of which a person is conscious.
C. Both (A) and (B).
D. Only facts admitted by parties.
Answer: C (Physical and mental facts) 

Q9. Which section defines "Conclusive Proof" in BSA?
A. Section 2(1)(a)
B. Section 2(1)(b)
C. Section 2(1)(g)
D. Section 4
Answer: B (Section 2(1)(b)) 

Q10. What is the key characteristic of "Conclusive Proof"?
A. It can be disproved.
B. No evidence can be given to disprove it once established.
C. It is purely discretionary for the court.
D. It only applies to civil cases.
Answer: B (It is final) 

Q11. What does "May Presume" mean?
A. The court must regard the fact as proved.
B. The court has the discretion to presume the fact, or call for proof.
C. The court cannot take evidence on the matter.
D. It is binding on the court.
Answer: B (Discretionary) 

Q12. What does "Shall Presume" mean?
A. The court has discretion.
B. The court must regard the fact as proved unless disproved.
C. It applies only to electronic records.
D. It is a rebuttable presumption in all cases.
Answer: B (Mandatory presumption) 

Q13. How should undefined terms in the BSA be interpreted, as per Section 2(2)?
A. They have no meaning.
B. They are defined by the Supreme Court.
C. By the Indian Evidence Act.
D. Derived from BNS and BNSS, 2023.
Answer: D (From BNS/BNSS 2023) 

Part II: Relevancy of Facts (Sections 3–50) 

Q14. Which section of the BSA deals with evidence of facts in issue and relevant facts?
A. Section 3
B. Section 5
C. Section 6
D. Section 7
Answer: A (Section 3) 

Q15. Evidence may be given of:
A. Only facts in issue.
B. Only relevant facts.
C. Facts in issue and relevant facts.
D. Any fact the police officer thinks is relevant.
Answer: C (Facts in issue + Relevant facts) 

Q16. Relevancy of facts forming part of the same transaction (Res Gestae) is under:
A. Section 5
B. Section 6
C. Section 7
D. Section 8
Answer: B (Section 6) 

Q17. Facts which are the occasion, cause, or effect of facts in issue are relevant under:
A. Section 6
B. Section 7
C. Section 8
D. Section 9
Answer: B (Section 7) 

Q18. Motive, preparation, and previous or subsequent conduct are relevant under:
A. Section 7
B. Section 8
C. Section 9
D. Section 10
Answer: B (Section 8) 

Q19. Facts necessary to explain or introduce relevant facts are relevant under:
A. Section 8
B. Section 9
C. Section 10
D. Section 11
Answer: B (Section 9) 

Q20. Things said or done by a conspirator in reference to common design are relevant under:
A. Section 9
B. Section 10
C. Section 11
D. Section 12
Answer: B (Section 10) 

Q21. When facts not otherwise relevant become relevant (Plea of Alibi) is under:
A. Section 10
B. Section 11
C. Section 12
D. Section 13
Answer: B (Section 11) 

Q22. Facts showing the existence of state of mind, or of body or bodily feeling, are relevant under:
A. Section 12
B. Section 14
C. Section 15
D. Section 16
Answer: B (Section 14) 

Q23. Facts bearing on the question whether an act was accidental or intentional are relevant under:
A. Section 14
B. Section 15
C. Section 16
D. Section 17
Answer: B (Section 15) 

Q24. An admission is defined in which section of the BSA?
A. Section 15
B. Section 16
C. Section 17
D. Section 18
Answer: C (Section 17) 

Q25. Admissions are:
A. Conclusive proof of the matters admitted.
B. Not conclusive proof, but may operate as estoppels.
C. Irrelevant in criminal cases.
D. Substantive evidence only.
Answer: B (Not conclusive, but estoppels) 

Q26. Oral admissions as to the contents of a document are:
A. Always relevant.
B. Generally irrelevant, unless secondary evidence is admissible.
C. Admissible if made by a police officer.
D. Admissible if made by the defendant.
Answer: B (Usually irrelevant) 

Q27. Admissions in civil cases are relevant if made under:
A. Coercion
B. Mistake
C. Circumstances from which they can be inferred
D. Duress
Answer: C (Section 23 - Admissions in civil cases) 

Q28. A confession caused by inducement, threat, or promise is irrelevant in a criminal proceeding under:
A. Section 20
B. Section 22
C. Section 24
D. Section 26
Answer: B (Section 22 - Now includes 'coercion' as well) 

Q29. Confession to a police officer is:
A. Admissible.
B. Not provable (Section 23, BSA).
C. Admissible if made in presence of a magistrate.
D. Admissible if it leads to discovery.
Answer: B (Section 23, IEA Section 25) 

Q30. How much of information received from an accused in police custody can be proved?
A. The entire confession.
B. Only the part which relates distinctly to the fact discovered.
C. Nothing can be proved.
D. The confession made to a third party.
Answer: B (Section 23, BSA / IEA Section 27) 

Q31. Confession made while in police custody is not provable, unless:
A. It is made in the immediate presence of a Police Officer.
B. It is made in the immediate presence of a Magistrate.
C. It is made in the presence of a Lawyer.
D. It is made to a friend.
Answer: B (Section 24, BSA / IEA Section 26) 

Q32. Admission of one of several persons jointly tried for the same offence is:
A. Irrelevant.
B. Relevant (Section 25, BSA).
C. Admissible only if it exculpates the others.
D. Only admissible against the person making it.
Answer: B (Section 25 / IEA 30) 

Q33. When is a statement by a person who cannot be found relevant (Dying Declaration)?
A. When the person is alive.
B. When the statement relates to the cause of his death (Section 26, BSA).
C. Only if the statement is written.
D. Only if the statement is recorded by a doctor.
Answer: B (Section 26 / IEA 32) 

Q34. Relevancy of evidence given in a previous proceeding is under:
A. Section 30
B. Section 33
C. Section 32
D. Section 35
Answer: B (Section 33, BSA / IEA 33) 

Q35. Entries in books of account, regularly kept in the course of business, are relevant under:
A. Section 30
B. Section 34
C. Section 35
D. Section 36
Answer: B (Section 34, BSA / IEA 34) 

Q36. Relevancy of entry in public record or electronic record made in performance of duty is under:
A. Section 35
B. Section 36
C. Section 37
D. Section 38
Answer: A (Section 35, BSA / IEA 35) 

Q37. Opinions of experts are relevant under:
A. Section 39
B. Section 45
C. Section 46
D. Section 47
Answer: B (Section 45, BSA / IEA 45) 

Q38. "Expert" under BSA includes persons specially skilled in:
A. Foreign law.
B. Science or art.
C. Identity of handwriting or finger impressions.
D. All of the above.
Answer: D (All of the above) 

Q39. Opinions as to digital evidence are relevant under:
A. Section 45
B. Section 45A
C. Section 46
D. Section 47
Answer: B (Section 45A, BSA) 

Q40. When is the opinion of a third person relevant?
A. When it relates to his own character.
B. When he is an expert (Sections 45-51, BSA).
C. When he is a witness to the fact.
D. Never.
Answer: B (Expert opinion) 

Q41. In criminal proceedings, the fact that the accused has a bad character is:
A. Generally irrelevant (Section 53, BSA).
B. Always relevant.
C. Relevant if the accused is a habitual offender.
D. Relevant to prove innocence.
Answer: A (Section 53, BSA / IEA 54) 

Q42. Which section deals with the relevancy of the character of the victim in cases of sexual offences?
A. Section 53
B. Section 53A
C. Section 54
D. Section 55
Answer: B (Section 53A, BSA / IEA 53A) 

Q43. Facts which need not be proved (Judicial Notice) are under:
A. Section 55
B. Section 56
C. Section 57
D. Section 58
Answer: B (Section 56, BSA / IEA 56) 

Q44. Facts admitted need not be proved under:
A. Section 57
B. Section 58
C. Section 59
D. Section 60
Answer: B (Section 58, BSA / IEA 58) 

Q45. Oral evidence must, in all cases, be:
A. Direct (Section 59, BSA).
B. Hearsay.
C. Secondary.
D. Written.
Answer: A (Section 59, BSA / IEA 60) 

Q46. "Direct" oral evidence means:
A. Evidence of a person who heard the fact.
B. Evidence of a person who saw the fact.
C. Evidence of a person who perceived the fact by any sense.
D. All of the above.
Answer: D (All of the above) 

Q47. Electronic records are classified as:
A. Oral Evidence.
B. Documentary Evidence (Section 61, BSA).
C. Secondary Evidence only.
D. Circumstantial Evidence.
Answer: B (Section 61 - Documentary Evidence) 

Q48. Primary evidence means:
A. The document itself produced for inspection (Section 62, BSA).
B. Copies made from the original.
C. Oral accounts of the contents.
D. Photographs of the document.
Answer: A (Section 62, BSA / IEA 62) 

Q49. Secondary evidence includes:
A. Certified copies.
B. Copies made from original by mechanical processes.
C. Oral accounts of contents by some person who has seen it.
D. All of the above.
Answer: D (Section 63, BSA / IEA 63) 

Q50. Under BSA, which of the following is considered "electronic or digital record"?
A. Server logs
B. Location information
C. Messages in smartphones
D. All of the above
Answer: D (All are included under expanded definitions) 

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Goa University

Indian Evidence Act: In a Nutshell

17 Jun 2016 — Oral evidence must, in all cases, be direct, i.e., If the evidence is a fact that was seen, it must be given by the person who saw it. Similarly, if the evidenc...

iPleaders Blog

Assessment: Bharatiya Saksh 05:13 5 Not answered 1 Answered Question (1) ..

23 Mar 2025 — In the definition of 'evidence', statements made through electronic means are included in 'oral evidence'.

Filo

BSA – LAW Notes

13 Jan 2026 — Section 61 – Documentary Evidence Section 61 of the BSA expressly states that documentary evidence includes electronic records. This is a significant departure ...

lawnotes.co

Primary Evidence under Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023

According to Section 57 of the Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023, Primary Evidence consists of original documents or materials that are directly submitted in co...

Legal Service India

Secondary Evidence under Indian Evidence Act, 1872 - Xperts Legal

12 Jul 2023 — It is used to prove the contents of the original document when the original document is unavailable or cannot be produced in court. Secondary evidence can inclu...

Xperts Legal

All you need to know about Section 3 of the Indian Evidence Act, 1872

23 Mar 2022 — Secondary evidence includes certified copies of the original document. Also, when original documents are used to make a large number of copies through a mechani...

iPleaders

Secondary Evidence under Indian Evidence Act, 1872

12 Jul 2023 — (b) Copies made by mechanical processes: Copies produced through mechanical means, such as photocopies, electronic scans, or similar processes that inherently e...

Xperts Legal

1982 ALLMR ONLINE 187, Om Prakash Berlia and another vs. Unit Trust of India and others

relates to secondary evidence and states that secondary evidence includes, inter alia, certified copies given under the provisions thereinafter contained in the...

NearLaw

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