Summary of tense

  

Tense no.1

Present indefinite 

जब वर्तमान में कोई काम किया जाता है 

Sub+v1/v5+ob

V5=v1+es/s

जैसे goes ,eats,sleeps इत्यादि 

यदि वाक्य में habitual act /proverb/scientific fact/universal truth/mathematical fact का प्रयोग हो तो  हमेशा simple present  यानि v1/v5 का प्रयोग होंगा 

Sub+v1/v5+ob

Sub+donot/does not+v1+object

He she it any singular --v5/does not+v1

I you we they any plural --do not+v1/v1

He beats his son mercilessly 

I drink booze with my chums

You do not pay your bill 

He does not obey his parents 

2.यदि वाक्य में generally /often /always  का प्रयोग हो तो ----v1/v5 का ही प्रयोग होगा

Example 

My theist mother often goes to temple 

Tense no 2 Present continuous

जब कोई काम वर्तमान में चल रहा होता है 

 Sub+is/am/are+v4+ob 

जब वाक्य में .still/at present/now/now a days का प्रयोग हो तो present continuous का प्रयोग होगा 

Sub+is/am/are+V4+ob

He she it ---is+v4

I ----am+v4

You we they any plural---are+v4

Example 

1.at present he is operating a computer 

2.now a days I am walking in sappy garden to reduce my fatness

3.they are backbiting of each other now

Tense no.5

Present perfect ---जब कोई काम वर्तमान में समाप्त हो चुका हो 

Sub +has/have+v3+ob

I you we they any plural ---have+v3

He she it any singular ---has+v3

जब वाक्य में .so far +already +just+lately+yet का प्रयोग हो‌तो‌ इसी काल का प्रयोग होता है

Sub+has/have+V3+ob

He she it any singular -has+v3

I you we they any plural --have +v3

1.i have bought a new car today 

2.he has sold his car lately 

3.i have just eaten my yummy food 

Tense no 4

जब कोई काम समय के साथ वर्तमान में चल रहा होता है 

Present perfect continuous 

Sub +have/has been+v4+since/for+time 

1.i have been reading a didactics movie since morning 

2.she has been quarreling with her since morning 

3.i have been toiling since 2024 to become an IAS officer

Tense no 5

Tense no.5

Past indefinite 

जब कोई काम कल के दिन yesterday को समाप्त किया गया या नहीं किया गया 

Sub +v2+on

Sub+did not+v1+ob 

Example 

I went my village yesterday but I did not eat food due to my illnesses 

जब वाक्य  में standard event of past+ago+last night/year/week/month+time(it is)yesterday  का प्रयोग हो तो केवल past indefinite का 

Tense no.6

Past continuous 

Sub +was/were+v4+ob

I,she,he,any singular ---was+v4

You,we,they,any plural ---were+v4

While(जबकि )or when(जब) के साथ हमेशा past continuous or past indefinite आयेगा 

 Past continuous+while+past continuous 

past indefinite+while +past continuous 

.past indefinite+when+past indefinite 

.past indefinite+when+past indefinite 

Tense no .7 

Past perfect 

भुतकाल मे दो घटनाएं समाप्त हुई थी जो घटना पहले समाप्त हुई थी वह had+v3 में ओर जो घटना बाद में समाप्त हुई थी वह sub+v2+ob में लिखी जायेगी 

Sub +had+v3+ob +sub+v2+ob

Or

Sub +had+v3+ob 

 Example 

I had purchased a laptop before I sold my old mobile.

Important ---जहां before आयेगा वहां had +v3 आयेगा   जहां ago आयेगा वहां sub+v2+ob आयेगा 

1.he had confessed his guilt before two days 

2.he smothered his wife ago two hours 

Tense 8

जब कोई काम भुतकाल में समय के  साथ चल रहा होता है ।

समय के साथ कर रहा था

Sub+had been +v4+ object+since /for+time 

Tense no .9

Future indefinite 

Sub+will +v1+ob 

भविष्यकाल के निर्धारित कामों के लिए इस काल का प्रयोग होगा 

Example 

I will go to Village 

Tense no.10 

Future continuous 

जब कोई काम संभावना में  चल‌ रहा  होगा

Sub +will be+v4+object 

Example 

She will be cooking yummy food for me 

Tense no.11

जब कोई काम संभावना में अंत हो  चुका हो इसका हिंदी अर्थ होगा कर चुका होगा 

Sub+will have+v3+ob 

यदि वाक्य में .by the next year /next month/week का प्रयोग हो तो will have +V3 का ही प्रयोग होगा 

Example 

By the next year I will have purchased a new house in Jaipur .

Tense no.12 

जब कोई काम संभावना में  समय के साथ चल  रहा होता है

अर्थ समय के साथ चल रहा होगा 

Sub+will have been+v4+ob +since/for+time

He will have been reading a newspaper since morning 

Very special rules 

जब कोई काम भविष्य के लिए नियत हो तो उसको simple present में भी लिखा जा सकता है 

Example 

I will go to Delhi tomorrow.

2.जब  वाक्य में since का प्रयोग हो तो एक वाक्य present perfect or दुसरा  वाक्य past indefinite में  लिखा जायेगा 

Has/have+v3 +since+ v2

Example 

My father has scolded me since I bought an expensive mobile 

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Summary of tense 

1.करता है.  V1/v5/does not+v1/do not+v1

2.कर रहा है    is/am/are+v4

3.आज कर चुका है has/have+v3

4.समय से कर रहा है has/have+been +V4+since/for+time 

5.कल किया था  V2/did not+v1

6.कर रहा था  was/were+v4

7.कल से पहले कभी भी किया था  had+v3

8.समय से कर रहा था  had been+V4+since/for+time

9.करेगा (संभावना) will+v1

10.कर रहा होगा (संभावना) will be+v4

11.कर चुका होगा(संभावना) wil

 have+v3

12.समय से कर रहा होगा (संभावना) will have been+V4+since/for+t ime

Important 

1.If की impossible condition 

If +sub+were/had+object,sub+could/would+v1+ob

यह असंभव शर्त है 

मेरे पास होता तब were 

मैं होता तब had 

2.If possible condition 

If+sub+v1/v5+ob,sub+will+v1+ob

दोनों वाक्यों में will नहीं आयेगा 

If के साथ v1/v5 आयेगा 

दुसरे भाग में will+v1  आयेगा 

3.If improbable condition 

If+sub+had+v3+ob,sub+would have/could have+v3+ob 

यह अपुरीत शर्त है पहले भाग ‌मे had+v3 आयेगा और दुसरे भाग में would have/could have+v3 आयेगा 

4.newspaper की headline हमेशा present indefinite में होती  है ।

5.भविष्य ‌काल‌ में होने वाली निश्चित घटनाओं को present indefinite में लिखा जा सकता है 

I will go to Mumbai tomorrow 

I go to Mumbai tomorrow 

6.यदि वाक्य में i wish or as if or as though  का प्रयोग हो तो हमेशा were आयेगा 

I wish he were the president 

He orders her  as if/as though  she were his servent 

7.no sooner का यदि वाक्य में प्रयोग हो तो helping verb का प्रयोग वाक्य से  पहले होगा 

Same rule hardly +never +scarcely +seldom के लिए प्रयोग होगा 

No sooner had i reached the station than train left 

Hardly did  I arrest him when my senior order me 

8.belong , remember,hate ,love ,smell ,taste ,see ,hear 

इत्यादि ing form नहीं आते‌ है 

Passive voice 

    Summary of passive voice 

Passive voice 

Passive of tense

Present 

1.v1/v5/do/does -----is/am/are+V3

I  buy a house 

A house is bought by me 

2.is /am/are+v4-----is/am/are+being+V3

He is selling his field 

His field is being sold 

3.has/have+v3----have been/has been+V3

I have arrested him 

He has been arrested by me 

4.no passive 

*******

Past.

5.v2/did +v1-----was/were+V3

You  stole his bike 

His bike was stolen by you.

6.was/were+v4----was/were+being+V3

He was abusing me 

I was being abused by him

7.had -----had been+V3

He had damaged my car 

My car had been damaged by him 

8.no passive 

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Future

9 will -----will be+V3

I will beat him

He will be beaten by me 

10.no passive

11.will have+v3----will have been +V3

He will have confessed his guilt 

His guilt will have been confessed by him

12.no passive 

****

Passive of modals

1.should ----should be+V3

You should teach him

He should be taught by you 

2.can----can be+v3

3.may ----may be+v3

4.could ---could be+v3

6.might ---might be+v3

7.used to ----used to be+v3

8.ought ----ought to be+v3

9.should have+v3--should have been 

10.must have+v3---must have been +V3

11.could have/would have +v3----could have /would have been+V3

12.may have+v3----may have been +V3

******

Passive of compulsions

1.had to+v1----had to be+V3

2.has to/have to +v1----has/have to be+V3

3.will have to+v1----will have to be+V3

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Special rules 

1.who की passive  में  by whom आयेगा 

Who invited my father

By whom was my father instigated

2. वाक्य में आदेश‌/प्रार्थना हो तो 

Let आयेगा 

वाक्य के आखिर में be+V3 आयेगा

Open the door 

Let the door be opened 

3.यदि वाक्य में suggestion हो तो should be आयेगा 

Help the poor

The poor should be helped 

4. वाक्य में राय हो तो you are advised to आयेगा 

Work hard and get success

You are requested to work hard and get success 

5.यदि वाक्य में आदेश हो तो you are ordered to आयेगा 

Bring some  books to sell

You are ordered to bring some books to sell

6.यदि वाक्य to +v1 हो तो to be+V3 आयेगा 

I am to buy a new house

A new house is to be bought by me 

He was to sell his house 

His house was to be sold by him.

7.यदि वाक्य मे it  is time +to +v1 आये तो इसकी passive में for ,to be +V3 वाक्य के आखिर में आयेगा 

It is time to close the office .

It is time for the office to be closed 

8.यदि वाक्य मे there ,to+v1 आये तो to be+V3 passive में आयेगा

There are six letters to write

There are six letters to be written 

9.यदि वाक्य में made  आये तो passive में to+v1 आयेगा और पहले भाग की passive बनेगी 

He made him paint his house

He was made to paint his house

10.जिन क्रियाओ‌ में मानसिक क्रिया होती है उनमें by sub नहीं लिखा जाता है 

Please ,annoy ,satisfy ,know surprise ,persuade पटाना 

He annoyed me 

I was annoyed with him

 My earnings  has satisfied me

I have been satisfied with my earnings.

11.यदि active voice में किसी शब्द के साथ preposition है तो वह passive voice में साथ जायेगा 

Look after ,look at ,mock of ,stare at घुरना 

You are looking into this murder 

This murder is being looked into by you

12.किसी भी passive में by one ,by someone,by any one नहीं आयेगा 

Someone will serve food

Food will be served 

One should obey one's parents 

Parents should be obeyed 

13.यदि वाक्य में people know,I believe,people say इत्यादि हो इसके बाद वाक्य हो दो तरह से passive बनेगी 

It is said/it was said 

To be आयेगा 

I say that he is a Robber.

It is said that he is a robber

Or

He is said to be a robber.

14.यदि वाक्य में दो object हो तो किसी को भी लेकर passive बनती है।

He gave me a torn book.

I was given a torn book by him

Or

A torn book was given to me by him

15.यदि वाक्य में likes or wants हो और to+v1 हो तो tobe +V3 आयेगा।

He likes /wants Ram to watch a movie 

He likes/wants a movie to be watched by Ram

16 यदि वाक्य में ask हो और फिर दुसरा वाक्य हो तो दुसरे वाक्य की passive नहीं बनेगी ।पहले वाक्य की passive बनेगी 

I ask him if he  will go to market 

He was asked if he will go to market 

17 यदि वाक्य की शुरुआत let से हो तो by him ,by her ,by them वाक्य के आखिर में जायेगा be+V3 आयेगा 

Let him sing a song 

Let a song be sung by him

18.select ,elect ,appoint ,made के बाद by sub नही आयेगा।

We made him captain 

He was made captain 

Special passive 

1.no one must leave bicycle unlocked 

Bycycle must not be left unlocked

2.Brutus accused Macbeth of ambition 

Macbeth was accused of Ambition by Brutus

3.i remember them taking me to library 

I remember being taken to library