APO CLASS NO.18

 Sub+ought to +v1+object


1. हमें अपने माता-पिता का सम्मान करना चाहिए।

We ought to respect our parents.

2. तुम्हें अपनी गलतियों से सीखना चाहिए।

You ought to learn from your mistakes.

3. हमें जरूरतमंद लोगों की सहायता करनी चाहिए।

We ought to help needy people.

4. विद्यार्थियों को अपने समय का सही उपयोग करना चाहिए।

Students ought to make proper use of their time.

5. हमें हमेशा सच बोलना चाहिए।

We ought to always speak the truth.

6. तुम्हें अपने वादे पूरे करने चाहिए।

You ought to fulfil your promises.

7. हमें अपने देश के कानूनों का पालन करना चाहिए।

We ought to obey the laws of our country.


8. हर व्यक्ति को दूसरों की भावनाओं का सम्मान करना चाहिए।

Everyone ought to respect the feelings of others.

9. हमें पर्यावरण को स्वच्छ और सुरक्षित रखना चाहिए।

We ought to keep the environment clean and safe.

10. तुम्हें परीक्षा की तैयारी समय रहते शुरू कर देनी चाहिए।

You ought to start preparing for the examination in time.


part 2

1. This

Use: “This” is used for a singular person or thing that is near us.

This book is very interesting.

This is my favourite pen.

2. That

Use: “That” is used for a singular person or thing that is far from us.

That building is very beautiful.

That boy is my best friend.

3. These

Use: “These” is used for plural persons or things that are near us.

These flowers are very beautiful.

These students are preparing for their examinations.


4. Those

Use: “Those” is used for plural persons or things that are far from us.

Those birds are flying in the sky.

Those houses belong to my uncle.

5. Enough

Use: “Enough” means sufficient or as much as needed. It is used before a noun but after an adjective or adverb.

I have enough money to buy this book.

She is intelligent enough to solve this problem.





Part 3


Capital Punishment – 

Capital punishment, also known as the death penalty, is the most severe form of punishment imposed by a court of law for the gravest offences. In India, it is awarded only in the rarest of rare cases, as laid down by the Supreme Court in Bachan Singh v. State of Punjab (1980). The constitutional validity of the death penalty was upheld in this landmark judgment, subject to strict judicial safeguards. In Machhi Singh v. State of Punjab (1983), the Supreme Court further explained the principles governing the imposition of capital punishment. Article 21 of the Constitution of India provides that no person shall be deprived of life or personal liberty except according to the procedure established by law. The Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023, prescribes the death penalty for certain serious offences. The Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973, under Section 354(3), required special reasons to be recorded when imposing a death sentence; the corresponding provision under the Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023, is Section 393(3). Furthermore, under Section 65 of the Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023, read with the relevant provisions governing confirmation of death sentences, the applicable procedural safeguards must be followed. A death sentence passed by a Sessions Court requires confirmation by the High Court before execution. Thus, capital punishment remains an exceptional penalty in India, intended for the most heinous crimes while ensuring fairness, constitutional protection, and judicial scrutiny.

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